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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old8 ]& I. t/ C6 Z9 M& B
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical* L5 p6 E5 H3 Q5 O  G3 t' ]
Exposure to Testosterone
+ g# H' Z- x, Q- P% p6 HSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
, k$ E) C: k  K4 \) t4 |5 q: L& E) Jand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1! H' Q. e1 s& E6 k. n% C+ [) j7 D
Clinical Pediatrics
* Q* y/ w4 l8 g  E; k7 m  w9 H- NVolume 46 Number 61 ^* p% Z4 _5 `4 C
July 2007 540-543
( c* S1 O4 G/ P% i! l- d0 o- b* h© 2007 Sage Publications
. n6 ]5 \, m# a& ]10.1177/0009922806296651! ^1 ^/ F6 P4 n- v- K5 }
http://clp.sagepub.com
3 ]# {) b% R2 r! L- ]  vhosted at& p5 }  }% T7 q" Y- }
http://online.sagepub.com
+ R" s, G8 I7 rPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
/ R" q( V& q; x/ {6 X, fis a significant concern for physicians. Central9 W, }7 E) x, _- H2 Q! S2 ^1 Q
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
/ U/ D2 b' B4 {. U# S: r- v( Y' ]through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has# G( u$ Z# H' z. k* m# x
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
7 ~# t' W0 _; d* B% A  n& a6 Olesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
. @0 X& j; F- [7 Lby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic0 Y1 u5 g; q3 l& O9 w
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-  w+ M! P# D$ Q' a$ m2 A0 k! ?
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
1 j; {# w6 W) o2 T+ @- t5 l" yreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
" I  p; l9 ?! y+ \" G4 ?8 q- }9 uenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
. h2 X/ p8 A6 t& V' e! H! Jment without testicular enlargement, which was due$ r/ ~. {/ l+ W
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by. R" `9 U: n& J% y) [9 d' g
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
' r* M* b7 P/ J( [1 i6 }% cmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this! I7 o$ F$ x- K. M( L
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of; v0 @' C0 u4 ^9 g8 S0 R- p" a# `# l. @
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
+ J0 R) K8 t) h. p3 Zbly more common than the rare case report in the) Y, F* o+ e1 J9 ~( ^1 V7 m
literature.41 u9 Q$ Y% N2 S  V  L8 j) q
Patient Report1 x6 G- I$ x( A+ [! \
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
+ r3 g9 r5 ~% V( qendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern; f" P+ m6 @8 {( v+ s0 c- j
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
& I1 l4 ?# ~4 g$ l: alight colored pubic hair development when he was
) j! v$ a3 _" }! a( Z/ M3 F5 o; w! UFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
& C, ^% R; H: B- T. kSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
- U0 b" j6 r& J, g: }8 d: BAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
# U, t: }4 L% y6 ^  k7 A. e$ _2 QProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
( w- X1 c; Q5 BMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;( w- q+ P" A3 V' f5 \! Q
e-mail: [email protected].
9 D( l" _0 S8 T$ H" M$ ^& J8 s2 R9 Sabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
5 `5 b6 x" O8 R! ndarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-' \9 q' {; k) l7 |& R8 M- \: b/ ^
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
0 w/ e/ H+ I) ^0 P: @was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
5 e: V& J; A) wa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of4 z  P/ Y0 G0 X( S1 w+ i
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
. I* ?6 B7 j) O. D' k! mof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
, e8 P1 C) J* x4 z. C, b2 usolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
, l/ \+ m$ e" o) zand his psychosocial and psychomotor development# G; \% }( o) s. I
was age appropriate.
. u  n* l7 D2 x6 t, j0 f5 y! b1 ]The family history was remarkable for the father,6 d0 U; j2 j" b/ s% }+ c. w
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,# q  l7 J% `- o8 K: }1 I8 a" P7 `) ?
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
% |8 d! j# r% B' s, Mheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
; a3 u3 Z7 `+ ]% T$ |early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
* y! k: i' U( a; r& F7 j7 _+ f$ ?The father denied taking any other medication. The6 K7 Q1 X. D+ j6 N
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche- F* n+ |  F+ `6 U: v
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
0 L- v8 e+ L* b& |5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-* R& U; m  ?- C
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
$ m9 o  I8 [, F, d) }! @: N4 C9 W+ ]tives. There were no siblings.
5 M/ h. v% ]  n% E6 |" J- Y% LPhysical Examination! O- Y# _& I" ~2 o! K* {& |
The physical examination revealed a very active,
* }3 @# c7 n/ s' Z& r6 [! xplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented* K1 h  h( }0 P6 L% e4 w) m7 E4 u: {
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was) g! R! a1 |. w5 }' v
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg. Q+ K5 d& I3 Y* e' [8 v
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth. m& L% N6 _  m4 j6 f
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
1 l; c" b8 j, W9 z* @the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
$ o; ~" r3 u+ S) LThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for% _* {  s. C5 W( u5 k1 a
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of2 z' z+ \- @9 s, D3 O
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well( C! F9 {4 p- d
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around' D9 L" u5 p% k" C" \* ?. ~' k
5405 Z& ~" k$ e& W; f* B8 {
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from" g. }8 c% U) w( p
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
; M# h- f. @; _testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
# m+ y6 r# W0 z1 aThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat  p( h; \/ A% M7 [
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
- }7 y- X/ `6 H9 F, M. _abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
! }7 u2 A7 q# G! vNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
6 s! m9 Z0 R4 z# D: ibilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion8 [7 o4 E  Q3 H' ^( n" K  F) ~
of papilledema.
6 Z! e8 t0 T7 [4 LLaboratory Evaluation& n4 m- d: u7 Q
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
* y7 r3 X/ U! ?. T: j8 D2 t; ausing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-$ v, ^7 T4 A6 D& X/ n
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal6 z/ y7 V9 M8 h* K* O! p
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
6 Z! W+ I  H1 T, nshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-; ~% p) J" s: B" S( ?8 L
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
' S: X4 s6 O3 f0 sThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood; X2 R- M2 [, k9 d- b1 t
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% J# ?" D# M1 `, l7 Y( B& k' C
within normal range for his age. The concentration
6 \! \& D$ i+ {of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
7 M; l2 }% G  j+ S$ a(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
  q  {* Y- }. ]0 b( N0 y( u! D3 Ung/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-' `6 g* C! b8 o0 Q0 s  n7 T7 X. w
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
3 C  L% u* Q6 _4 b+ jdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to0 g' S( R, A" W+ @) o
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
* n/ n0 d; V0 [: |! twas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
2 G$ J( e9 J$ ]8 ^tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
' ^/ V: a! u  D, G* n/ ~4 Btestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
* I9 d! ]8 q: r/ Hand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
# d% Z, U" I) R# U* B; e4 s5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular+ A% s4 }9 B* z3 T/ j. z+ ]
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
$ a3 u3 i( q/ h3 ]% U+ d  w" Lconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
8 D, p$ B3 Y9 C2 g(prepubertal).! \& t9 y" b( _' M. x# r
The parents were notified about the laboratory* C  v; a$ |4 k: I' ?/ |
results and were informed that all of the tests were
3 o5 g5 i: Y3 o& D: v) N. O* {normal except the testosterone level was high. The
3 j3 g* W: Y1 q1 T( s' Mfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
! C0 g0 c' q, P/ V, Z% Aobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-+ T! r0 |2 X  A: Y$ |
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.! L# M) a! o+ \9 m# T* M0 E
Physical examination at this time revealed that the. x- a) @* U  n4 e5 P0 F
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
6 f6 J( I9 s4 F& a* [: e0 N% B2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
/ v- x& F- y4 n! qunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
' ~$ k$ I8 b7 E( V* r# H# Z* Q7 fpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at( F( R# [: u. m6 V# ?: p0 C
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2  l0 J) i- J+ c" f/ _' f2 m
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.9 v5 ^; e) f. z! P1 D; B
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-4 _# a$ M2 m: H( L% J
ing frequent erections.
) W0 w( }" {% G4 oBoth parents were again questioned about use of' f4 T3 |' O0 t8 m
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
0 t  e9 p2 A. \4 Ythe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
4 Y; Q$ B0 P; f+ W; y1 OTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5410 Y4 g/ ?% [6 @) j) a4 x0 k
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-; h$ x* M9 T2 R4 z) F
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
0 R3 E) y- t* F3 t: Da year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed- z9 u; m8 O8 z7 E0 A! q% z0 _
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-
$ y! L1 |# A" l: S& j; e! g- R* tscribed by his family physician for decreased libido4 U; o" [) n" Y  ]. H7 W0 S5 q
secondary to depression.$ U' ?: n0 z$ H  F# _  W
The child slept in the same bed with parents.
! D0 w) K# _4 v) s+ G, qThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
- w! x2 v5 u, h! Fchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
& K( g6 Q8 P& Gnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
2 R* R( H# J+ O7 X4 ?) v& nThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
1 z  m3 x  p: Q, a6 U% l8 h1 j( Twhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby* w& e! B; F. N3 I
was high, he then read the product information
+ R2 s) k3 ]/ _3 ~packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-; T2 g8 I! A/ f) ]# W
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
' Z- A* H, f$ Mdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
" r2 o/ Q5 i8 S$ v: W0 nfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had' y" F  X1 A: M: z; S% D1 c
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone; L3 y; y; C: Q: k. _
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the! z/ d9 k( y# K7 ~: U  @. o5 |
laboratory to obtain the test.  w- Y9 r" o: H
Discussion1 c5 ~/ L: f  l2 G
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
" i. o2 |" @) p$ K6 Osexual development before 9 years of age.1,45 k# M8 f  R8 w0 o
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when7 d1 ?) b+ K; Z
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
1 U  c) s# o: h+ `7 J6 u7 B: O# Hthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
( _5 D6 K$ U4 r) S! g- {  P, tmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
0 ?, T; b0 W" |2 t& n: C( q0 @4 E2 Umay have a central nervous system lesion that is8 `  O6 E: h$ F5 D- e
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-7 x$ Q  K2 r9 b. x4 t1 o
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
! x7 G, I% A2 e  K1 Asis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
3 ]2 @! d) v, J6 J5 X# E" N4 R$ @boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
% W( V7 m: S) f, |4 E& Q6 i- x; ~6 o3 W# Vization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-/ ]( e* L8 v* U  N2 v
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by$ m$ G+ Y$ f! O
gonadotropins.1,33 \5 ?- q4 i2 j  x5 L, H
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
$ \/ U9 i5 `8 t) O! dcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
7 K7 H2 ^, p( k- x5 y  \7 [3 Q$ yandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
" K! h8 W4 T4 x4 H. b/ X/ k% P$ Yexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-3 }5 y4 O2 _; }, \, e+ H9 S
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
1 o( J6 u- C1 C) H( A4 m" gcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
2 X6 b. z2 f% `3 u( P8 y1 iadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
" k+ _: E% N& K* L) H- F7 }' Y2 Ppuberty in boys.3,4
" a1 O' F% N9 ~0 {) {* JThe most common form of congenital adrenal( D! B, N& a3 T; e9 w3 p6 j' z
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.& b0 s& x6 `" \9 M& b7 h7 V, ~, o
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in$ V" ]$ ]: l. p8 S; ^3 Q* v
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,  U& u- u. s2 L7 h9 T* \! C& W
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
" Q+ d0 K1 R+ Lexcess.1,3) D, ~1 ]: [" Y. v" C* m1 V
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 S) ^- `0 _) f& C* O0 M542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
. r" U9 A! q2 TA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-# b  M, ^8 ?# b* B
independent precocious puberty, which is also known9 h- n% ?0 ]: L
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
1 w7 i2 i- ^( V5 b( bvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
( \$ Z9 @  A4 d% kwith this disorder are full pubertal development,
. z. D, m+ w* q, r$ xincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys) T8 k, J8 s! A6 s( s9 x! |' i
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder! {0 U, u0 u. c' G& U5 }8 J" Z7 c
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
! d5 T- [' e2 spubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
/ _( u, w! ]7 h; y* h8 w2 b0 ereleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked3 d( N) ^8 X; T
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
( d3 q! u: ]+ W7 w; C2 vmales; therefore, other male members of the family! M0 J9 Q+ m1 v  j# M
may have similar precocious puberty.3
" k4 p5 U" }& U) N" w2 [In our patient, physical examination was incon-. [9 Q- G% E" e- [1 ]* g
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-' B) B9 O& w( S  j1 `$ |
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
. h; z" v' p1 i1 K7 C6 ?8 r+ ?was in the differential diagnosis because his father
2 ?) u& e8 D. I" d0 s0 tstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,; l* K/ k' H: M9 d: y$ D( {! E
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
3 w' ]9 w2 g( |( Vbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-- v7 B8 n5 Y; z# v2 w8 w- J
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
4 ^: `* k* V: Pbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,7 k0 {8 Y5 G! \
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase, [) Z) \  X5 k9 Q3 X6 D: v
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-; Y4 a* z: `9 _! H9 K; a! u# s( O
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.0 u2 X/ e% ^+ \5 c6 N
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly% q+ E" l4 t# F2 Y/ J. e$ c
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
- @% p) A2 b  E$ L3 nthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-7 }# U: T9 E4 u
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and3 }& e' J) b- }) E6 G) ], h& j+ Q
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
! U; l& p# M$ ~terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
8 B* t$ o3 \. n" F) v& [" B8 B- fusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
8 `! x5 @" o) E, M. oDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or* t! s$ F' S2 |: e5 c
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to( \* k! ?/ O2 G3 h
unprotected females through direct skin exposure./ \6 C  [8 z5 V: v0 L0 @
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the  ~) O7 W& E, G& n  ^5 M. j, h
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
6 h* q1 d; c9 Weven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male. {8 Q! i, _3 q1 T7 \
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
2 n( u7 f: n6 ption site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.' x. b; R0 `/ \
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,4 \* |, }% {$ [8 v
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that4 R  g9 |" K7 ~7 L4 G4 b
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-2 y2 u; d2 J6 C4 M0 y% h
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more& X. @4 E: H  Z4 k
active in young children exposed to testosterone
  A1 g9 a9 `5 k1 p6 X0 l9 dexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
& ~& e& p) A0 S  }drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
. M/ z4 I" ?( `9 H& y3 cvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
9 ?, A; x+ o& V0 Ichildren results in an increase in growth velocity and; R# |. g! [) {$ S) G
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.0 p6 s1 [$ j; N3 b/ }2 K' n
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during* H9 J( R2 V, Z7 v! N* E. [/ H/ E
early childhood on pubertal development and final1 t: N- c. Z: z: I! r) k
adult height are not fully known and always remain. l) J, }- P5 ?5 N% Z$ e* ]
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-. T, Z+ c9 f* D: r9 I/ ?3 T8 |
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
! [8 a) v9 ]% W* m9 J, @acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after. ?& z% H5 P& p! m
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
/ l( c! v2 `8 R, Pdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,92 o9 r% K2 C9 ]9 @! F- p3 _# N( S
There are conflicting reports and controversy, q* j$ G3 R$ t9 O4 U
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult" H; }, P0 _0 L' O0 W
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal  ]8 q+ N0 ]" i: k. |! t
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-/ P/ }3 W2 \! v% G% p# k; R
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
# T4 t' V3 u' O7 z) xSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between+ O. b+ h+ [+ Z* f" c8 V
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
0 [/ W$ o8 i7 s, {* G7 vpenile length in clinical studies.
# M1 {% f' v9 z9 ENonetheless, we do not believe our patient is+ h  C3 c. ~+ E
going to experience any of the untoward effects from& m9 Z4 O% _( a7 j6 s, O# T+ ^
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ W/ Q0 U, R. Othe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.. R& ?# U3 r5 s- l5 f' E# c8 V
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
. J" d. `4 i' n1 f0 L. ediagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
8 K2 L3 P" `0 f4 f$ D# r; Ethe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult% b1 w) f. g; _6 R2 ^
height will not be affected.8 w- a2 d' I% }/ [* b1 R
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
2 Z( @- V; F# B9 d& V/ `  R1 lability of androgen products in our society may. Y% H- K1 D* w# K/ ]
indeed cause more virilization in male or female# s3 N7 L- F9 c3 f2 i
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
- q  ~9 ]1 G7 `, {: {, ]- j8 Fgen products must be considered and specific ques-
! u3 z3 Y8 I4 M0 N, U5 b2 jtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
! e3 o  {# Y. i1 U  G- K5 t' hgel should be asked of the family members during! {0 b4 L3 h3 V0 D
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-) O4 c, B/ c. P- ?3 R% R* ?
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
; T, d+ k* P! `9 Q, \. j4 Y8 _& Unosis can be established by just a few tests and by
2 U% d  E2 M- A: Cappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
% _3 O& c4 Q3 p% L3 p: V1 }& c0 Shistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
; {& A  B3 [+ a% r- c: c0 v* Uresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
9 N7 w9 V, y" |/ x# Binvestigation. The primary care physician should be! C7 r1 r  l% F* o  G
aware of this fact, because most of these children3 D6 k9 K. h  G: ~/ W$ q
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
. {' Z9 b5 b' L  @1 h# a+ R* ZDesk Reference and package insert should also put a6 D2 R! j6 v) w) P
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
5 Z, S# ^5 p6 \8 [3 C' G2 `: }female child who might come in contact with some-( F# o( b, X" ^1 o& \2 O& l
one using any of these products./ u7 ?$ k* y; K' {0 z5 S+ C8 s
References
+ x8 a8 f& u" n/ r1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation5 P2 n4 H4 B3 T& p7 x2 y9 N, z% H. F1 w
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric+ M% w. m( y* a. d/ ]$ \* E
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;  S; c: B; M) p5 r8 u- `7 v
2002: 565-628.
' C( k. Y  z. t9 x2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious$ Z9 E" u; W1 f! a7 c1 u
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
8 z1 C2 t4 _2 n( Y( U0 U, \Boy Induced by Indirect Topical; L7 I- u) D: u# C
Exposure to Testosterone' ?3 H3 \2 k! \9 ?$ W
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2; m" W. V3 @  a( ?; P
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
; b$ t6 B8 I6 z  h. \" TClinical Pediatrics
$ r: v- U+ S' UVolume 46 Number 6% o$ F3 K  Y$ {1 D% |! ?4 B* Z8 O
July 2007 540-543
. K; [3 r1 F4 Y+ c# F© 2007 Sage Publications+ ]8 o. |6 w: r/ a. r4 [/ s
10.1177/0009922806296651
3 Q* I( K4 U7 D4 n4 c0 G6 ]http://clp.sagepub.com
& `$ g& J- M% `* Q/ W) D; Z  y. phosted at$ O0 g! x; }. D! e9 M# n
http://online.sagepub.com
8 ~! b- H8 W9 X6 MPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,6 S  Y/ P/ G" O' |' j3 Z% M
is a significant concern for physicians. Central" K6 ]" {5 V3 d" [4 t" `  u2 N: _
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
& U) ^) Q8 b2 n' cthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has/ c3 [! I% F$ U& H4 l
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system7 a' L$ N" X0 A/ A; K: l
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested7 w# F/ \. L, H9 i  K& C8 h; ?
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
7 ^0 K5 A4 P" p& H7 K: v8 ]% whair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
$ k% P$ t2 I2 j: gcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We. B% `0 a7 v; S6 F. W
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
, E' _5 I+ w2 L2 _" P( senlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
5 N1 v- v/ D7 l# n$ O$ \- tment without testicular enlargement, which was due
$ @+ N, A, Q* Y7 H/ J; j6 Y" Fto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by  v/ p' z, F9 }& c! Q- p3 {- s
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-5 {0 R& G/ j' B3 ~/ Y! x6 v
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this( |* G% c0 J# T% I% n) N
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of; r; ~' a) F. M2 W9 w/ _
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
/ w3 s; Z$ \/ e0 @bly more common than the rare case report in the
( w: y/ R+ p9 x7 e1 Lliterature.45 F+ _" x/ \/ O5 K. V
Patient Report9 u% h) s6 V: ?  O
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
; r4 Z& _  I& i7 i2 f+ T- G9 jendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
4 G) @9 n. p& `  R2 Z0 s; n/ oof early sexual development. His mother noticed
0 U: B; q! [; U4 e2 E8 H- ~& j1 Vlight colored pubic hair development when he was% R% W) H$ V1 n/ X. P/ \
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
6 k  [0 \# P4 f+ w1 f0 vSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.# s4 h5 D: y4 @( D, j1 U
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,7 U" K0 K% @7 ?  K3 X) Y7 F
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
4 s, C7 e: ~, p6 l5 ?. Y- k' kMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;3 A% g2 G4 _8 [. R+ s
e-mail: [email protected].9 C* D  ~0 C0 ~
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became' V9 b, o  ?+ {* D/ s4 u& U! W
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-  ~. z- }+ k' W& _
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child% r  t9 ]9 q2 Z6 l: {- D: G
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with3 I9 ?" x3 i3 B; m7 `
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of: w% R/ p# }& M- a& S; p& h
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
, h1 n, ]1 L0 K: gof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
3 F8 O1 i7 Y8 e9 |solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,7 r0 }0 l5 x6 O. |  L# t, [
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
0 @) i4 q' ]* P" pwas age appropriate.
' Z# C9 o( m! L* A* rThe family history was remarkable for the father,, g' w5 H4 Q, T% D
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,2 J: i$ O* R* _* M7 d, K6 _3 R. U
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s7 \8 J$ M& f1 P9 i; V5 T
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat! T; N" C0 V4 B& v- ^+ }9 P
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
8 {  O! }5 w9 D, VThe father denied taking any other medication. The
* {& I( c7 V. N7 t  s; \4 u. |5 qchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche2 _0 `# u5 P& n: Y
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
5 a5 h) r2 R2 V4 D5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
( Z: T0 L. f5 q* {/ J9 J% _cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
) {) d" @" b& Qtives. There were no siblings.
2 ~  F) Q4 w; d4 T  L/ pPhysical Examination- Y, `4 F! x4 K& A  h5 K
The physical examination revealed a very active,9 W2 L% C  X: |
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented$ X" P. J+ Q) T8 |; F. O& e+ t
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
, G9 B2 a) G) ^# K5 K$ ~90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg. Q1 G* c' M+ @
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth; u( o! W% [+ r" X3 k# q7 n$ }
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
& A) ^5 O  w5 T8 w8 Uthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 D- t; j/ Q8 E4 T, Q
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for* q/ Q, j) t2 c" z; C  x. S! f
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of% E* n7 T1 y; K! F- d& Q2 n2 k4 r
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well% Y* O) M+ S+ R* k
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around! q* n) K+ w8 N# f! u5 |' V4 k
540
$ m2 j/ f1 W8 B% m2 ?' kat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 o1 M: t" x- i5 q' rthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The3 k& p( \. B' Z
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
$ V" t" q* a$ EThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
7 K5 _% e( q) ]5 K9 ooily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no% K* ^! E3 O1 i+ M% Z  Q$ |
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
3 H; v$ }6 C  F7 s  z+ TNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
! {% T3 S$ j# \: qbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion+ G5 J' J8 G2 j: [( m
of papilledema.. ~$ A' Q  j' M; A- {/ e7 F9 O
Laboratory Evaluation: b; ?; j  y( A- y, [3 t
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by( \' ~: e& Z- B& f/ B" I6 K
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-5 Z. J" R8 w* O0 {/ p" q
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
6 f  i& B# _9 L2 N# V5 F0 i9 ~karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test  _0 C/ ]. b5 ]  \- H4 ~
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-1 X; y/ W$ Y9 G' n/ F' L1 ?3 R
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
! x- d. u% Y) n/ R9 ZThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
& w' Q% q* c: j  E! Purea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
2 m2 B/ k1 a3 w* [8 g5 zwithin normal range for his age. The concentration0 L9 I% g- k7 B: o4 K1 E2 C4 t2 {
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
1 v. s# ^" @2 [& b1 Z1 q$ Y(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
/ ?0 M) J) t# s+ R0 d4 cng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
7 C: J) G! `0 ~" d5 O, pterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
+ F0 M+ t7 G3 `) E0 k4 Q' }desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to8 i% }- W% |4 R+ ~( }" A- x
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)* a4 h6 w7 n2 d0 S
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-( K7 R7 Q% @1 i3 _# e/ s' A
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total& n4 d2 w' q2 v2 A
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),, A$ Y3 Q1 g: o1 {
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
( w$ P! H- m4 \5 W, d% \& y5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
2 l. I5 O0 j6 _8 z! A6 Q# V( Cstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone' b2 ]* b% P- K: q
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
$ T5 ~! Y3 H0 y6 G  f+ m(prepubertal).8 S+ t( k. |, t; k. v. Y
The parents were notified about the laboratory
! R# i# F/ @; a4 P' I5 Y- Wresults and were informed that all of the tests were% q/ B5 A6 d% p1 R" H8 O7 U' |( u
normal except the testosterone level was high. The
5 T  k* Y. q/ I6 U: L& Rfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
% [1 N, n* {  m- A1 Jobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-! E9 m4 K6 t" H3 t3 {. u# i
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
# M6 L5 h% L0 b7 r1 S) }# I' c- ~Physical examination at this time revealed that the! D& j! ]! {. K
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
8 s$ R7 B% d6 |8 z% {' a. h) E2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
! t6 ]" H9 ~2 i  a/ Bunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-) J' V! j& ~2 l+ q
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at3 c* I3 t3 `3 F  ?$ O& ~# j
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2( `; T' Z+ z# N
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
( u( T  X1 I8 \1 s6 |* PThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-! @" F& @& U" n9 E
ing frequent erections.% g) u8 Y/ Z' s  y8 T+ U
Both parents were again questioned about use of
  s- f* q8 O: `) Z. {! U* _" yany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
8 m, Z. }$ A, ethe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the  \; s8 m4 Z) |; O
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
- u+ L% s3 o% F4 ~! fuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-0 D9 }; Y/ P; g8 L# Q( w7 E& R
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
5 r8 g1 l. V% b* aa year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
1 s* l- E* O- N( J- _6 A% b% _" W* F. D# ito disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-4 |/ z; L1 r/ O/ w0 ?
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
, H* T) c3 H" v& M- Osecondary to depression.# E, [3 |6 R* u5 m& F
The child slept in the same bed with parents.% K/ |$ V" b. s' x1 o' e) L$ \
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
' W" K3 y  {7 Cchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-( j  Z9 @$ U2 C4 v  @0 K' J
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
0 a& c- `0 J3 e1 Q% t( OThe father also admitted that after the phone call,; i8 T6 j7 x, ]( U2 j- Z
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
( ~& q4 p1 @" Jwas high, he then read the product information! a: g; O% b  H, o6 c( }  i
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-0 O8 R- l- I0 _* B
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they9 i+ ^3 {# U9 H/ t/ V! P: Z1 ]
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
# \, ?4 \  F' u2 G2 x6 n1 Gfather was not hugging him with bare skin and had. D* I; o; P' l3 ~5 \) c: Q1 R# s
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone9 J+ {$ w- P* q% F& Z9 A
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
/ a$ |( p- N, B% |- m2 @4 A0 P0 dlaboratory to obtain the test.
0 S$ G; B# z3 ?( n1 rDiscussion
% J/ t, q7 `5 h) f- y7 {Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary9 F2 e9 n( |7 {/ v' l+ O  k' i1 X: k
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
; P$ I0 E2 v2 _1 XPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
) @" A3 v: |/ ]* f: A% a1 Oit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
! S  O" H; y/ P8 ]! ^thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-4 G4 s( {" G' B
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP: q1 J. q, s3 E/ L6 T
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
1 o& E1 C$ L/ \# [) E& a2 F5 X" cresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-3 K! r9 L2 Z4 }# r0 N& M  Z
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
7 v  G$ v( A7 ~9 o, dsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
6 C/ m! l1 F( g% m; T4 n3 K' ^4 Rboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
# \( n5 ~' l7 c- Sization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-" X, }# C; r$ [0 j4 t5 \
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, p9 W2 ]1 \" f
gonadotropins.1,3
0 u$ A6 v( M3 N* K! `& F2 _Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-+ s8 K$ n+ R- d# t& S& H6 o, M. O- @& o
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate5 w) b- v: E; t* e5 m
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
' E3 Q9 z" h, K9 ], eexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-  B  _- m% `- U0 q
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
+ `) ^+ g$ ~7 v8 c0 a: @1 jcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive% V: G+ e! W" a  U9 F& P
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious3 y8 Q% ]7 A2 o
puberty in boys.3,4
) m5 E8 K& a$ g( M. J) u6 tThe most common form of congenital adrenal: M0 m* x( X. V, Q( W
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.0 f7 X+ U9 I; X9 `8 R
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in7 d) \/ G2 \5 Z; S/ {+ ], t" e
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
7 M+ K: ]! o/ x' Yan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen1 O/ v2 h$ o8 Z+ |) L
excess.1,3
& A4 m* t/ y, m2 `' ~1 tat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from7 \6 s! s! ]; Z! ?, S5 _0 Z5 `
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
, h) x5 I/ y% o; r! vA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-) I( J. Q( m1 L! W! \4 P
independent precocious puberty, which is also known. Y9 U* ]& @9 Q( v+ `. w
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a1 Z+ ~* p, z& J* ^0 b3 ^) Q; f: y
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
2 O: F- N/ ^4 I0 x9 H, l" \with this disorder are full pubertal development,
5 I: B( Y+ z; m2 E- q, h3 Aincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
6 L' p) k  z, a# |4 R0 }; }with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
% n4 b+ {5 h4 h% m. Aare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show: O9 S/ i# F. b) D
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
7 Z, E# Q: s: Greleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
! h; o4 s, X& Q; R; wautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
8 l% ?( v  K! u& s  _males; therefore, other male members of the family
# ]. r7 D4 i- r& qmay have similar precocious puberty.3
' y- q! A  k% V  L* F% P* nIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
( a: _! W, c' }; U2 R. Ysistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-: N$ N/ c& c$ S1 c: ^7 U* w, H' n
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis3 T$ }" Y6 _2 ^! \: ~0 s; b
was in the differential diagnosis because his father  p% Y* h/ s# Y5 i
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
; @) d& p7 f' |% r  itesticular enlargement is not that evident in the. P9 ]" c! R& k
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-& F( C6 V! Y1 p  G* @) }
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our, f, Q; z! ]+ n- S- T( i
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,3 }( }2 I( s; G- h
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
7 U7 H/ W, H3 ]$ Q" T: ideficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
5 H, q. `7 F) g# P3 T0 Ming the normal level of adrenal steroids.% ]( Y: W" x6 N+ U9 m5 x0 Y( v
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
, L5 ~3 _0 h3 j3 X3 _suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because% s* }7 l! O- @" u* g$ D
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
8 d8 N  H, X' X+ o/ v5 E) L. Fpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
0 M7 |. _% A1 ]) D1 c1 D5 _' G- `decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
; H' U  y$ [# D% F# l. ^) s' mterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was" N. e: Y; y$ l0 f" ^
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
. J* u1 o; X+ z1 ]8 a8 vDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
" f2 k! h5 r/ ycream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
6 `" i, u4 h) L, ^7 y* lunprotected females through direct skin exposure.
8 J5 P; C- @/ ^: U+ F9 ISerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the2 z. F3 O, i" |1 Q5 t' S
baseline value in those females who were exposed to
" A/ g3 n4 H# Z9 m$ ]& Xeven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male* A6 e  h" c1 m8 ^0 X5 s! ]5 M3 s" e
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-3 V3 j; {) V, w
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.2 n0 J' q9 o0 ~; S! N" l# J
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
- T% C( _( ^: V5 f/ Swhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that; B! K$ y5 }3 e! i
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
2 U* `2 ?1 u4 j! h) x* Aterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
. d3 I* H0 n- O! Q2 @active in young children exposed to testosterone
- T2 F' u. a8 x( x6 K# @exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-& O3 n% c, Q4 N' k( u7 K3 Q
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to  P! ^3 {5 W0 K& B# a' I
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in4 t4 s3 L% I' C6 U
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
" G% k5 o( D0 ]/ v: v3 Fadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.8 Y$ o; n) n" D! \- a, ]4 G
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
; e# [# q# T2 T# @" c  E  W) \early childhood on pubertal development and final
' D  Z% a' a' `2 |/ I* r% w+ z' Gadult height are not fully known and always remain1 \2 h+ s0 b3 q( H% i  Y9 D
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-- @" m2 X$ o; C2 j! x. o' i
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some8 x0 L; m; ?- l+ i
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
# T) R! V, J6 o' K* a' t, I% Hcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation6 j! |; Y% T, B. h. K$ H
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
% ]" f) k! V2 w# s* l0 u8 p1 U" vThere are conflicting reports and controversy: c5 _4 V3 s" Q5 a' v
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
3 ?: O8 ~+ m, C0 E* X8 Vpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal, \8 w/ ~$ Y: {
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-9 i% m6 ^( ]! ]# u7 W
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 Y8 }4 G* k( a: L: P- H+ `Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between4 |$ B0 Y6 ^( ]1 p
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult9 P3 I# U; m2 ~
penile length in clinical studies.
- F9 h! r# K; Q5 Z" |Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
. q5 `+ T8 j! K4 _going to experience any of the untoward effects from/ C2 t3 ^/ t0 X1 l
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
; T4 L! P( b+ a/ rthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
+ o; Z5 F' [9 [! d4 wAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of- ?# q/ s, r2 m$ J* R
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
7 {( ^' T1 I! r9 nthe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
! s$ w' W  l9 l% I2 E9 W6 O8 b* j  _height will not be affected.( @9 ]$ L8 r9 n, V
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-8 \5 E" t+ \) W/ Q' p$ r
ability of androgen products in our society may
* s5 E4 N0 h, i  e- f. j7 m2 R; |5 Pindeed cause more virilization in male or female* O4 n( T! A9 G4 c. z# l
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-/ G/ s4 F2 y8 r* d$ B
gen products must be considered and specific ques-4 b7 i" }" @4 z- i5 j- I
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or" P+ e7 D0 f% U; K" _$ y
gel should be asked of the family members during( G  Q. b2 l) ^4 A/ o  W9 U1 `
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-! \0 m- W; i7 o# j0 y# o
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-( ~/ s  D3 R) @5 i" O; z' t
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
8 I" s8 u: \5 x" O8 ?appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a3 K$ Q' r( f( a4 U' H
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may# r/ Y  K9 F3 Z8 R  K
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive- y* ?" w( [: G" d$ N; \( H
investigation. The primary care physician should be
0 r( D: n4 p% H! o5 caware of this fact, because most of these children
2 w9 ]2 w0 ~, u, X- L* Y; G( Imay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
. y8 M2 h% Y, v1 a. N9 oDesk Reference and package insert should also put a! m) j; V/ O  G. o
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
1 I, G, l, K1 Xfemale child who might come in contact with some-& g/ G9 J7 A/ z% t4 d! X0 r- }, R% B
one using any of these products.
+ K. p0 \6 I* C, a4 h: pReferences5 v- H, w! [8 k
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation: l5 w5 a& u. I% K3 a
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric8 l4 a' L( i7 H2 b% c6 Q
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;+ I1 J; b  ?& N4 Y; F9 n
2002: 565-628.8 |  \- p7 a8 q' u" s
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious' ^# f& e' ]; g$ ^
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
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3 t- o2 s2 X: p9 R2 O. x- n: M精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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么好吧v进化过程就回国参加发uft成就和;哦i回来就好v科技股份兄弟人的 路由公开vu个v库每年b
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精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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